It is shown that the second law of thermodynamics requires. The discussion is selfcontained and brings out the tremendous progress that has occurred in the last 23 decades. This effect modifies the standard thermodynamics of early universe for the ultrarelativistic particles such that the equation of state as well as dependence of energy density and pressure to the. He got the idea of using mercury from a colleagues.
Peculiarities of thermodynamics in early universe universe. Feb 01, 2010 thermodynamics in the viscous early universe article pdf available in canadian journal of physics 8811 february 2010 with 63 reads how we measure reads. Four laws that move the universe gives you an indepth tour of this vital and fascinating science in 24 enthralling lectures that are. Some common examples of such coordinates are pressure. Cosmic microwave background early universe entropy density relativistic particle friedmann equation these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The volumes cover both particle physics andgeneral relativity aspects systematically and in detail. At early enough times, the temperature was certainly high enough t100 gev that all the known particles including quarks, leptons.
Both the entropy as well as the free energy of the universe become. A slightly better reason to worry is that the early universe seems to have had a higher entropy than the presentday universe, which after all is not. We show that limitations imposed by gup and particle horizon on the measurement processes, lead to certain modifications of early universe thermodynamics. Consideration of the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the past leads to the conclusion that the universes origin is a metaphysical or spiritual question, not a physical one. The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the origin of. So far there is no observational evidence against this assumption. Thermodynamics in the viscous early universe canadian. Relativistic electrons, positrons, and neutrinos 282 9. Whatever temperature the universe had at a given size more precisely, at a given baryon density, it would have been higherentropy if it had been hotter, and lowerentropy if it had been colder. A physical description of the universe is possible when it is assumed to be filled with matter and radiation which. If the universe is expanding adiabatically then it will satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. Nothing seems simpler, but nothing is more subtle and wideranging in its effects.
And nothing has had a more profound impact on the development of modern civilization. Quarkgluon plasma and the early universe there is now considerable evidence that the universe began as a. The distribution function f determines the thermodynamics of any given species in the early universe. On a thermodynamic basis for inflationary cosmology arxiv. Assuming that the matter in the background geometry is a free gas and that no phase transitions were occurring in the early universe, we discuss the thermodynamics of this closed system using classical approaches. Students of physics, chemistry, and engineering are taught classical thermodynamics through its methodsa problems first approach that neglects the subjects concepts and intellectual structure.
Pdf thermodynamics of viscous matter and radiation in the. On top of that, the number density of particles increases as. Subjects covered include primordial nubleosynthesis, baryogenesis, phases transitions, inflation, dark matter, and galaxy formation, relics such as axions, neutrinos and monopoles, and speculations about the universe at the planck time. On pain of a crisis in physics, the entropy of the early universe had better be lower than its present entropy. My intention was to introduce the subject of black hole thermodynamics starting at the beginning, at a level suitable for anyone with a passing acquaintance with general relativity and. More exactly, if two bodies are in thermal contact, heat energy will always fl ow from the warmer to the cooler one. How does the second law of thermodynamics follow from low. These complex systems, too numerous to count, from small. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Particle and entropy production in comoving volume. Evolution of the temperature of the universe 280 9. My intention was to introduce the subject of black hole thermodynamics starting at the beginning, at a level suitable for anyone with a passing acquaintance with general relativity and quantum.
The second law of thermodynamics introduces the notion of entropy s, a measure of system disorder messiness u is the quantity of a systems energy, s is the quality of a systems energy. Thermodynamics in the expanding universe the conservation of number density indicates 8i 21,k, nx i i const. Wikiproject physics may be able to help recruit an expert. In formulation of the early universe thermodynamics within gup framework, due to limitations 2. Apologetics press god and the laws of thermodynamics. An account of the concepts and intellectual structure of classical thermodynamics that reveals the subjects simplicity and coherence. Nov 11, 2010 assuming that the matter in the background geometry is a free gas and that no phase transitions were occurring in the early universe, we discuss the thermodynamics of this closed system using classical approaches. Hadron epoch between 106 seconds and 1 second after the big bang hadrons are particles that feel the strong nuclear force and are combinations of quarks. On top of that, the number density of particles increases as the cubic of. While the spatial size of the entire universe is unknown, it is possible to measure the size of the observable universe, which is currently estimated to be 93 billion lightyears in diameter. Thermodynamics is the physical science that studies the effects of temperature variations and heat transfer on a material, especially as the bodies change state as from solid to liquid and back again, as plastics do during plastic processing and as heat is transferred from the injectionmolded plastic part into the cooling system of the mold. The point that has to be borne in mind in constructing thermometers. The derivation needs to be patched up by an expert to fix these errors.
Pdf effects of quantum gravity on the inflationary. The first half of the nineteenth century was a period of great economic and industrial growth. After cosmic inflation ends, the universe is filled with a quark gluon plasma. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the movement of heat. In this paper, we study the effects of generalized uncertainty principlegup and modified dispersion relationsmdrs on the thermodynamics of ultrarelativistic particles in early universe. Here we study the evolution of thermodynamical quantities in the early universe for temperatures below 100 mev in presence of a hidden mirror sector with unbroken parity symmetry and with gravitational interactions only. Thermodynamics in the viscous early universe article pdf available in canadian journal of physics 8811 february 2010 with 63 reads how we measure reads. That means, at earlier times in the universe, each particle moves with higher and higher momentum. Thermodynamics in expanding universe introduction to the.
One of the early statements of the second law of thermodynamics is that heat always fl ows downhill. As a phenomenological description, it is based on a number of empirical observations. Thermodynamics and hydrodynamics in the early universe mark hindmarsh1. The common story is entropy was very low in the early universe, so it has generally increased. Key concept the two laws of thermodynamics support creation and contradict evolution. In a fully homogeneous and isotropic universe, the time evolution of the distribution function fis governed by the liouville equation 29,46,47. Lecture notes particle physics of the early universe. The early universe means the period of evolution of universe, after which there are no processes capable to violate the baryon number conservation law. The principles of thermodynamics have been in existence since the creation of the universe. The thermodynamics of the quarkhadron phase transition in. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. The early universe edward kolb, michael turner download. System upgrade on feb 12th during this period, ecommerce and registration of new users may not be available for up to 12 hours.
Mirror matter is a promising selfcollisional dark matter candidate. We find that essential cosmological quantities, such as the hubble parameter h, the scaling factor a, and the curvature parameter k, can be derived from this simple model, which on. The effect of uncertainty principle on the thermodynamics. The article discusses the total energy of the universe and applies the first law of thermodynamics to the entire universe, which is incorrect, as explained on the talk page. From this point onwards the physics of the early universe is better understood, and less speculative.
Effects of quantum gravity on the inflationary parameters and thermodynamics of the early universe. The discussion is selfcontained and brings out the tremendous progress that has occurred in. The early universe provides a more complete and physically intuitive description of the standard big bang cosmology, including the role of thermodynamics, nucleosynthesis and outofequilibrium dynamics. Using the extented jayness principle of maximum entropy we determine the effect of the quantum phenomena on the thermodynamical properties of matter in the early stage of universe. But that has essentially nothing to do with with a glass shattering when i drop it. The steam engine, invented in the previous century, was becoming increasingly common in locomotives, mines and factories. The relationship between relativistic thermodynamics of the early universe with the logunov metric and a gravitational analog of statistical mechanics is examined. Pdf thermodynamics in the viscous early universe researchgate. The early universe has become the standard reference on forefront topics in cosmology, particularly to the early history of the universe. Because of the attention to the background dynamics, and also to baryogenesis, phase transitions, inflation, and other applications of high. In that case, we have three variables t, v, n, and the helmholtz free energy a e ts is a good function to use. The initial standard hot big bang model has been improved upon by merging inflationary scenarios 1,2 with the hot fireball of the big bang. Therefore we can use thermodynamics to calculate the history of the early universe. Wepropose a phenomenological macroscopic approach that allows for both particles and entropy production in the early universe.
Thermodynamics in the expanding universe we have shown the expansion of the universe reduces the momentum of indivisual particle proportional to the scale factor pt 1at. Pdf assuming that the matter filling the background geometry in the early universe was a free gas and no phase transitions took place, we discuss the. Pdf thermodynamics of viscous matter and radiation in. This contradicts the observation that the present universe contains burning stars, heat engines, and life. Thermodynamics of the early universe cosmological principle.
Did the big bang violate the first law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of cosmological matter creation pnas. The laws of thermodynamics and creation creation studies. The macroscopicsystemin equilibrium is characterized by a number of thermodynamic coordinatesor state functions. Thermodynamics of the early universe kai hebeler, 18. This set of two volumes on the early universe is a truly excellent treatise on the subject. Sep 29, 2011 thermodynamics of viscous matter and radiation in the early universe article pdf available in canadian journal of physics 905 september 2011 with 41 reads how we measure reads.
Than the total baryon number in a comoving volume will be constant. When we discuss thermodynamics in the early universe, it is also convenient to measure temperature in units of energy or mass, which means that we set. Thermodynamics of the early universe with mirror dark. It is shown that the thermodynamical free energy of the matter of the early universe becomes very large value due to these quantum phenomena. I will then move on to the thermodynamics of the early universe, and make the.
For this we need to know certain thermodynamic terms. Therefore, using science, we can conclude the origin of the universe is not a question that science is equipped to answer on its own. The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the origin. And certainly if the universe were to start contracting i would still expect my glass to shatter, not to reassemble itself. Precision early universe thermodynamics made simple. The second law of thermodynamics says that entropy can only increase, so if the early universe had been in a state of maximum entropy, then the cosmos would have experienced its heat death immediately after being born. Thermodynamics of viscous matter and radiation in the early universe article pdf available in canadian journal of physics 905 september 2011 with 41 reads how we measure reads. He got the idea of using mercury from a colleagues comment that one should correct a barometer reading to allow for the variation of the density of mercury with temperature. This article needs attention from an expert in physics.
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